Vacuum within a pallet conveyor for a printing system

ABSTRACT

In one example, a pallet conveyor for a printing system is described, having a track, a pallet to support a print substrate and move on the track, and a vacuum mechanism to selectively apply a vacuum at the pallet. A boundary of the vacuum applied at the pallet is synchronised with an edge of the print substrate.

BACKGROUND

Pallet conveyors for printers may be arranged to convey pallets on atrack in a printing system. The track may be an endless track. Thepallets support and move print media during printing. The pallets maysupport the print media as it passes through a print zone of theprinter. The pallets may include a driving mechanism, such as anelectromagnetic element or magnetic responsive material, so that thevelocity of individual pallets may be controlled as they move on thetrack. A vacuum may be generated to apply a pressure gradient to theprint media through a pallet. The vacuum may be used to draw andremovably secure the print media to a surface of the pallet duringprinting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various features and advantages of the present disclosure will beapparent from the detailed description which follows, taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrate,by way of example, features of the present disclosure, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side view schematically illustrating a pallet conveyor for aprinting system according to an example;

FIG. 2 is a top-down view schematically illustrating a pallet conveyorfor a printing system according to an example;

FIG. 3a is a schematic illustration showing a top-down cutaway view of avacuum mechanism for a pallet conveyor according to an example;

FIG. 3b is a schematic illustration showing a side-on cutaway view ofthe vacuum mechanism of FIG. 3 a;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration showing a perspective view of avacuum mechanism for a pallet conveyor according to an example;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration showing a top-down view of a vacuummechanism for a pallet conveyor according to an example; and

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a method of conveying pallets in aprinting system according to an example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain examples described herein relate to printing systems withpallets to convey print media. These pallets comprise moveable platformsor surfaces that support a supplied print media. A sheet of print mediamay rest on top of a pallet or train of pallets and be driven through aprint zone. In the print zone, printing fluid may be applied, e.g. usinginkjet print-heads mounted above the pallet conveyor. In certainsystems, a vacuum mechanism may be used to secure the print media to thepallets via suction, e.g. by maintaining a low pressure chamberunderneath the pallet conveyor that draws air at an ambient pressureabove the pallet conveyor. In these systems, there may be leakage of thevacuum. At the beginning or end of a printing operation, most of thevacuum mechanism may be exposed to the atmosphere, e.g, a largeproportion of conduits to a low pressure chamber forming part of thevacuum mechanism may be exposed rather than covered by a sheet of printmedia. This can cause vacuum to leak and vacuum pressure in the vacuummechanism to drop, e.g. due to the inflow of higher pressure air fromthe atmosphere. For example, when sheets of print media are conveyed onpallets in a conveyance direction through the print zone, the vacuummechanism may be substantially covered by the print media. Thus, theremay be minimal leakage. However, when a first sheet of print media isloaded and conveyed by the pallets through the print zone, the vacuummechanism ahead of the first sheet (in the conveyance direction) may beexposed to atmosphere. Similarly, when a last sheet of print media isexiting the print zone, the vacuum mechanism behind the last sheet maybe open to atmosphere, again causing vacuum leakage.

Certain examples described herein act to reduce vacuum leakage duringoperation of a printing system utilising a pallet conveyor. In theseexamples, the vacuum mechanism is constructed to selectively apply avacuum or negative pressure at the pallets. The application of thevacuum is controlled such that a boundary of the vacuum applied at thepallet is synchronised with an edge of a print substrate, e.g. a sheetor section of print media.

In certain examples, the edge of the print substrate may be a leadingedge of the print substrate, for example a leading edge of a first sheetof print media. In other examples, the edge of the print substrate is atrailing edge of the print substrate, for example a trailing edge of alast sheet of print media. In some examples, the boundary of the vacuummay be synchronised at both the leading and trailing edge of the printsubstrate, e.g. for a set of sheets of print media. The print substratemay comprise a single sheet of print media or multiple sheets.

In these examples, the vacuum mechanism may comprise an elongate vacuumchamber arranged parallel to the conveyance direction of the pallets.The pallets may be conveyed above and along the vacuum chamber, withvacuum or low pressure supplied to (or generated within) the vacuumchamber. The vacuum may be communicated to the print substrate via thepallets, e.g. through apertures or inlets in the chamber and pallets. Incertain cases, suction cups on a surface of the pallets may act asconduits to the vacuum chamber.

In certain examples, the elongate vacuum chamber may be partitioned intoa plurality of sub-chambers, each sub-chamber having a vacuum supply viaa valve connecting the chamber to a vacuum source. Prior to loadingprint media into the printing system, all valves are closed and novacuum is supplied to the sub-chambers. After a first sheet of printmedia is loaded, and as it is conveyed along the elongate vacuumchamber, a vacuum sub-chamber immediately ahead of a leading edge of thefirst sheet may be activated by opening the corresponding valve. Duringconveyance of a last sheet of print media through the printing system, avacuum sub-chamber immediately behind the last sheet may be disengagedfrom its vacuum supply after the trailing edge of the last sheet haspassed the sub-chamber by closing the corresponding valve. In theseexamples, some vacuum leakage may occur, limited to a surface area of asingle vacuum sub-chamber. A vacuum source may be powerful enough tokeep the vacuum pressure constant with this amount of leakage.

In other examples, vacuum leakage may be reduced by a vacuum mechanismto selectively apply vacuum at the pallets in a more continuous manner.For instance, in these examples, the vacuum boundary may be controllablypositioned within the vacuum mechanism.

Certain examples will now be described with reference to the Figures.

FIG. 1 is a side view schematically illustrating a pallet conveyor 110for a printing system 100 according to an example. The pallet conveyor110 comprises a track 115 and a pallet 120. The pallet 120 is arrangedto support a print substrate 125 and move on the track 115. The palletconveyor 110 also comprises a vacuum mechanism 130 to selectively applya vacuum at the pallet 120, such that a boundary of the vacuum appliedat the pallet 120 is synchronised with an edge of the print substrate125. The print substrate 125 may comprise one sheet of media forprinting, for example, or multiple sheets that are conveyed by thepallet conveyor 110. The edge of the print substrate may be a leadingedge of the first sheet of print substrate 125 in one example, or may bea trailing edge of the same or another succeeding sheet of printsubstrate 125 in another example.

In the example shown in FIG. 1, the pallet 120 is a train pallet whichmay tow a wagon pallet 122. As used herein, “train pallet” means anactive pallet bearing at least part of the driving mechanism of thetrain-and-wagon configuration and “wagon pallet” means a passive palletdragged or towed by a train pallet either directly or indirectly. Thetrain and wagon pallets 120, 122 may support the print substrate 125. Inthe example of FIG. 1, the train pallet 120 tows only one wagon pallet122, however, the number of wagon pallets may vary in implementations. Atrain pallet may tow a wagon pallet configuration that may comprise asingle wagon pallet or a plurality of wagon pallets coupled between themin a successive manner. The number of wagon pallets in a wagon palletconfiguration may be limited by a size or power of a driving mechanism121 of the train pallet. As the number of wagon pallets in a wagonpallet configuration increases the train-and-wagon configuration maybecome more flexible. Accordingly, a wagon pallet configuration withfewer pallets may require a train pallet with smaller driving mechanismparts, such as motors.

The train pallet 120 may be the leading pallet of the train-and-wagonconfiguration and the wagon pallet 122 may be the leading pallet of thewagon pallet configuration. In the example of FIG. 1, as there is onlyone wagon pallet in the wagon pallet configuration, the wagon pallet 122is also the last pallet of the train-and-wagon configuration. A coupling123 may maintain the distance between the two pallets substantiallyconstant as the pallets are conveyed on the track 115. In certain cases,the distance maintained by the coupling 123 may be such that no printsubstrate 125 may be trapped between the pallets 120, 122. The trainpallet 122 may comprise at least part of the driving mechanism 121 thatprovides the motive power to the train-and-wagon configuration and maybe operably coupled with the track 115. The driving mechanism 121 maycomprise at least part of a motor, drivers, controllers and encoderheads. The track 115 may be an endless track. The wagon pallet 122 maybe merely dragged by the train pallet 120 along the endless track andmay not be individually controlled. The pallet conveyor 110 may includemultiple train-and-wagon configurations, as shown in the example ofFIG. 1. A wagon pallet may be directly dragged by a train pallet when itis directly coupled to a train pallet. However, a wagon pallet may formpart of a wagon pallet configuration, i.e. a series of wagon palletscoupled together. In such a scenario, a particular wagon pallet may beindirectly dragged by a train pallet when it belongs to a wagon palletconfiguration that is being dragged by a train pallet even though theparticular wagon pallet is not directly coupled to the train pallet.

In the example of FIG. 1, the vacuum mechanism 130 comprises an elongatevacuum chamber 135 arranged parallel to a conveyance direction 140 ofthe pallet 120. The elongate vacuum chamber 135 may be connected to afirst valve 145 and a second valve 147 for supplying vacuum to theelongate vacuum chamber (the vacuum supply via the first and secondvalves 145, 147 is labelled V in FIG. 1). The first and second valves145, 147 may control a supply of vacuum, or negative pressure, to theelongate vacuum chamber 135 from a vacuum source (not shown in FIG. 1).For example, when one of the first and second valves 145, 147 is open, avacuum may be applied from the vacuum source to the elongate vacuumchamber 135 by that valve. Similarly, when one of the first and secondvalves 145, 147 is closed, vacuum may not be applied to, i.e. it isblocked from, the elongate vacuum chamber 135 by that valve.

In one case, the vacuum mechanism 130 comprises a moveable surface 150arranged within, and moveable along the length of, the elongate vacuumchamber 135, such that the moveable surface 150 defines the boundary ofthe vacuum applied when one of the first valve 145 and the second valveis open 147 and the other is closed. The moveable surface 150 may, inone example, comprise a piston to move longitudinally within theelongate vacuum chamber 135. The moveable surface 150 may partition theelongate vacuum chamber 135 into two sub-chambers, with the moveablesurface 150 being a boundary between the two sub-chambers. Thus, in anexample where one of the sub-chambers is coupled to the first valve 145,and the other is coupled to the second valve 147, the moveable surface150 may be the boundary of the vacuum applied when one of the firstvalve 145 and the second valve is open 147 and the other is closed. Anexample of a mechanism for the moveable surface 150 moving along thelength of the elongate vacuum chamber 135 is described below withreference to FIG. 3.

In one case, synchronisation of the boundary of the vacuum applied atthe pallet 120 and the edge of the print substrate 125 may be via anoptical detector to detect a position and velocity of the edge andfeedback to a controller to control the moveable surface 150accordingly. For example, the moveable surface 150 may be synchronisedwith the leading edge of the print substrate such that it moves ahead ofthe leading edge by a small amount, e.g. by a proportion of the lengthof the pallet or print substrate.

In the example of FIG. 1, the pallet 120 comprises a slider 155 tooperably couple the pallet 120 and the track 115. The slider may beslidable along the vacuum mechanism 130, for example along the elongatevacuum chamber 135. The slider 155 may, in one case, comprise an inletto communicate the vacuum from an aperture in the elongate vacuumchamber 135 to the pallet 120. In this case, the elongate vacuum chamber135 may comprise one or more apertures along a surface facing the pallet120. A vacuum in a portion or sub-chamber of the elongate vacuum chamber135 may therefore be applied from the elongate vacuum chamber 135 viathe one or ore apertures, for example. The size of the inlet in theslider 155 may be very small relative to a surface area of the pallet120 for drawing the print substrate 125 towards the pallet 120.

In one case, the slider 155 has hinged slidable elements, or runners,for example two runners hinged together as shown in FIG. 1. The elementsmay extend in the conveyance direction 140 and may have a hinged axis,i.e. an axis about which the elements hinge, perpendicular to theconveyance direction. The hinged axis may also be in the same plane asthe conveyance direction 140, in one example. The inlet in the slider155 may, for example, comprise a slit along a length of one or more ofthe hinged slidable elements or runners. Each slider 155 may run withina suitable channel. The channel may form part of the track 115 and mayact to slidably couple the pallet to the track 115. In certain examples,the track 115 is an endless track, and the pallet 120 circulates on thetrack 115.

The printing system 100 shown in FIG. 1 comprises a printing mechanism102 defining a print zone to apply printing fluid to a print substrate125. In one case, the printing mechanism 102 may include printing fluidsupplies 104, for example ink supplies, for supplying printing fluid toa print-head assembly 106. The print-head assembly 106 may include anarrangement of print-heads for dispensing printing fluid on to a sheetor continuous web of paper or other print substrate 125. The print-headassembly 106 may be stationary with an array of print-heads that mayspan the maximum width of the print substrate 125, or may be a carriagemounted to scan the print-head(s) back and forth across print substrate125. The print-head assembly 106 may be positioned in the print zone toprint onto the print substrate 125 carried by the pallet 120 in theprint zone.

In certain cases, the vacuum mechanism 130 may comprise a plurality ofelongate vacuum chambers 135 spaced orthogonally to the conveyancedirection 140 of the pallets 120, 122, with each one arranged parallelto the conveyance direction 140. Each of the plurality of elongatevacuum chambers 135 may be an implementation of the example elongatevacuum chambers 135 herein described, and may be connected to a firstvalve and a second valve for communicating vacuum to the respectiveelongate vacuum chamber 135. In certain examples, each elongate vacuumchamber 135 may comprises a moveable surface defining a first partitionof the elongate vacuum chamber 135 coupled to the first valve 145, and asecond partition of the elongate vacuum chamber 135 coupled to thesecond valve 147. The moveable surface 150 may be moveablelongitudinally within the elongate vacuum chamber 135 to vary theboundary of the vacuum applied when either of the first valve 145 andthe second valve 147 is open and the other is closed.

In certain examples, the printing system 100 may comprise a plurality ofpulleys driveable by a rotatable shaft to synchronise each moveablesurface 150, wherein each pulley comprises a belt extending the lengthof the elongate vacuum chamber 135 that is moveable about the pulley,and wherein each moveable surface 150 comprises a piston fixably coupledto a respective belt. This mechanism for moving each moveable surface150 of the vacuum mechanism 130 is described in more detail below withreference to FIGS. 3a and 3b . Features in FIGS. 3a and 3b that maycorrespond, in certain cases, to a feature in FIG. 1 are referenced bytheir numeral in FIG. 1 incremented by 200.

FIG. 2 is a top-down view schematically illustrating a pallet conveyor210 for a printing system according to an example. Pallet conveyor 210comprises a track 215 a, 215 b and a pallet 220 to support a printsubstrate (not shown). The pallet 220 moves on the track 215 a, 215 b,The pallet conveyor 210 also comprises a vacuum mechanism 230 toselectively apply a vacuum at the pallet 220, such that a boundary ofthe vacuum applied at the pallet 220 is synchronised with an edge of theprint substrate. The edge of the print substrate may be a leading edgeof the first sheet of print substrate in one example, or may be atrailing edge of the same or another succeeding sheet of print substratein another example.

In the example shown in FIG. 2, the pallet 220 is a train pallet whichmay tow a wagon pallet 222 in a conveyance direction 240. A coupling 223may couple the pallets 220, 222 and may, in certain cases, maintain thedistance between the two pallets 220, 222 substantially constant as thepallets are conveyed on the track 215 a, 215 b. The train pallet 220 mayprovide the motive power and may be operably coupled with the track 215a, 215 b. The train pallet 220 and the track 215 a, 215 b may beoperably coupled together via a first portion 221 a disposed on thetrain pallet 220 and a second portion 221 b disposed along a length ofthe track 215 a, 215 b. One of the respective first and second portions221 a, 221 b may comprise an electromagnetic element and the other ofthe respective first and second portions 221 a, 221 b may comprise amagnetically responsive material. For example, the train pallet maycomprise at least part of a driving mechanism, such as a coil motor 221a on one or both sides, as shown in FIG. 2. The track may be equippedwith the rest of the driving mechanism in the form of a plurality ofmagnets 221 b along the sides of the track 215 a, 215 b, The trainpallets 220 may also comprise encoders to provide feedback controls. Thewagon pallet 222 may be dragged by the train pallet 220 along the track215 a, 215 b and may not be individually controlled. Accordingly, atrain-and-wagon configuration may comprise the train pallet 220 coupledto the wagon pallet 222 with one or more couplings 223, and coil motors221 a on the sides of the train pallet 232.

The pallet conveyor 210 may, in certain examples, also comprise acentral controller to individually control the velocity of eachtrain-and-wagon configuration along the track 215 a, 215 b bycontrolling the velocity of each train pallet 220. The centralcontroller may communicate wirelessly with the train pallet controllersand transfer any motion control signals. Electricity may be transferredvia sliding brushes. This described driving mechanism is provided as oneexample. One skilled in the art may appreciate that any other drivingmechanism may be used to drive the train pallets.

In one example, the vacuum mechanism 230 comprises a plurality ofelongate vacuum chambers 235 arranged substantially parallel to oneanother as shown in FIG. 2. The plurality of elongate vacuum chambers235 may in certain cases be arranged substantially parallel to theconveyance direction 240 and may be spaced orthogonally to theconveyance direction 240, as shown in FIG. 2.

In certain examples, each of the plurality of elongate vacuum chambers235 may be an implementation of the elongate vacuum chamber 135described with reference to FIG. 1. For example, each elongate vacuumchamber 235 may comprise a first valve and a second valve, separatedlongitudinally from one another along a length of the respectiveelongate vacuum chamber 235.

In one case, each elongate vacuum chamber 235 comprises an aperture 260along a surface facing the pallets 220, 222. A vacuum in a portion orsub-chamber of the elongate vacuum chamber 235 may therefore be appliedfrom the elongate vacuum chamber 235 via the aperture 260, for example.In this case, shown in FIG. 2, each elongate vacuum chamber 235comprises one aperture 260, however, in other cases each elongate vacuumchamber 235 may have a plurality of apertures. Vacuum, or negativepressure (as compared to an atmospheric pressure), present in eachelongate vacuum chamber 235 may therefore be communicated with thepallets 220, 222 via the aperture 260. Vacuum conduits comprised withinthe pallets 220, 222 may draw and removably secure the print substrate,for example a print media, against and relative to a top surface (facingthe print substrate) of the pallets 220, 222. In one example, thepallets 220, 222 may comprise cups 265 on the top surface, e.g, at aconduit mouth or exit, for contacting the print substrate andcommunicating the vacuum to a surface of the print substrate to draw andremovably secure the print substrate to the respective pallet 220, 222.The cups 265 may allow print substrate such as warped boards orcorrugated sheets to be drawn to the pallet 220, 222 with less vacuumleakage compared to a flat surface of the pallet 220, 222 with aperturestherein for applying the vacuum.

In certain examples, the pallets 220, 222 may each comprise a slider toslide along the surface of the vacuum mechanism 230: in one case theslider may be an implementation of the slider 155 described withreference to FIG. 1. In this case, vacuum may be communicated from eachelongate vacuum chamber 235 to the pallets 220, 222 via an inlet in theslider. For example, the surface of the elongate vacuum chamber 235 maycomprise a channel within which the slider slides. The channel andslider may comprise apertures to fluidicly couple conduits within thepallet to the vacuum chamber 235.

Each pallet 220, 222 may, in one case, comprise internal sections, asshown in FIG. 2 by the dotted lines subdividing each pallet 220, 222orthogonally to the conveyance direction 240. Each internal section maybe in communication with each of the plurality of elongate vacuumchambers 235, as shown in FIG. 2: each internal section of the pallet220, 222 may be aligned with one of the elongate vacuum chambers 235.Thus, in this case, vacuum may be selectively applied to the pluralityof elongate vacuum chambers 235 via the valves coupled to each elongatevacuum chamber 235. In turn, vacuum may be selectively applied to theinternal sections of the pallets 220, 222 such that only selectedinternal sections may be in communication with the vacuum supply via theplurality of elongate vacuum chambers 235. This may allow differentsized print media to be conveyed by the pallet conveyor 210, as thewidth of the vacuum supply perpendicular to the conveyance direction 240may be controlled and selected. Thus, for relatively narrower printmedia, selected elongate vacuum chambers 235 may be closed via thecoupled valves such that vacuum is not exposed to outside atmospherethrough the pallets 220, 222.

In certain examples, the track 215 a, 215 b is an endless track, and thepallets 120, 122 circulate on the track 215 a, 215 b.

FIG. 3a is a schematic illustration showing a top-down cutaway view of avacuum mechanism 330 for a pallet conveyor according to an example. FIG.3b is a schematic illustration showing a side-on cutaway view of thevacuum mechanism of FIG. 3a . The vacuum mechanism 330 may comprise aplurality of elongate vacuum chambers 335 a, 335 b, 335 c spacedorthogonally to a conveyance direction 340 of the pallets (not shown inFIG. 3a ). In certain examples, each of the elongate vacuum chambers 335a, 335 b, 335 c may be an implementation of the elongate vacuum chamber135 described with reference to FIG. 1. For example, each elongatevacuum chamber 335 a, 335 b, 335 c may be parallel to the conveyancedirection 340, and connected to a first valve and a second valve forcommunicating vacuum to the respective elongate vacuum chamber 335 a,335 b, 335 c.

In certain cases, each elongate vacuum chamber 335 a, 335 b, 335 ccomprises a moveable surface or piston 350 a, 350 b, 350 c defining afirst partition of the elongate vacuum chamber coupled to the firstvalve and a second partition of the elongate vacuum chamber coupled tothe second valve. The piston 350 a, 350 b, 350 c may be moveablelongitudinally within the respective elongate vacuum chamber 335 a, 335b, 335 c to vary the boundary of the vacuum applied when either of thefirst valve and the second valve is open and the other is closed.

In the example of FIG. 3b , the vacuum mechanism may comprise aplurality of pulleys, with each pulley 375 c associated with one of theelongate vacuum chambers 335 c. Each pulley 375 c may be driveable by arotatable shaft 380 to synchronise the pistons 350 a, 350 b, 350 c, Forexample, each pulley 375 c may comprise a belt 370 c extending thelength of the elongate vacuum chamber 335 c, the belt 370 c beingmoveable about the pulley 375 c. Each piston 350 c may be fixablycoupled to the respective belt 370 c. As can be seen in FIG. 3b , incertain cases the belt 370 c may extend beyond the length of theelongate vacuum chamber 335 c, and may be arranged about pulleys ateither end of the elongate vacuum chamber 335 c. In these cases, thebelt 370 c is arranged within the elongate vacuum chamber 335 c alongone length and along an underside of the elongate vacuum chamber 335 calong the other length.

In the example shown in FIG. 3a , driving the rotatable shaft 380 mayturn each of the pulleys associated with the elongate vacuum chambers335 a, 335 b, 335 c such that the belts 370 a, 370 b, 370 csynchronously move the respective coupled pistons 350 a, 350 b, 350 calong the elongate vacuum chambers 335 a, 335 b, 335 c in the conveyancedirection 340.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration showing a perspective view of avacuum mechanism for a pallet conveyor according to an example. Thepallet conveyor may comprise a track, a pallet to support a printsubstrate and move on the track, and a vacuum mechanism, as described inexamples herein with reference to the Figures. The vacuum mechanismselectively applies a vacuum at the pallet, such that a boundary of thevacuum applied at the pallet is synchronised with an edge of the printsubstrate.

In this example, the vacuum mechanism 430 comprises a rotatable tube 490arranged within an elongate vacuum chamber 435. The rotatable tube 490may comprise openings 495 regularly spaced along a length of a surfacethe rotatable tube, as shown in FIG. 4. The elongate vacuum chamber 435may be arranged parallel to a conveyance direction of a pallet to moveon a track of the pallet conveyor, and may be connected to a first valveand a second valve for supplying vacuum to the elongate vacuum chamber435.

In the example of FIG. 4, each of the openings 495 may becircumferentially transposed with respect to a preceding opening, and asurface of the elongate vacuum chamber 435 may comprise regularly spacedapertures 460. Thus, in this case, rotation of the rotatable tube 490varies the alignment between the openings 495 in the surface of therotatable tube 490 and the apertures 460 in the surface of the elongatevacuum chamber 435. This alignment may define the boundary of the vacuumapplied via the elongate vacuum chamber 435. At a position where anopening 495 in the surface of the rotatable tube 490 is aligned with anaperture 460 in the surface of the elongate vacuum chamber 435 (e.g.such that the opening 495 and aperture 460 overlap), a vacuum suppliedto the rotatable tube 490 may be communicated via the aligned opening495 and aperture 460, and may be applied at the pallet. At certainrotational positions of the rotatable tube 490, multiple openings 495and apertures 460 may be aligned in such a way. The boundary of thevacuum applied at the pallet may therefore be a position where anopening 495 and aperture 460 overlap, and an adjacent opening 495 andaperture 460 do not overlap. There may be one or two boundaries of thevacuum delimited in this way, in some examples. In one instance, thisexample vacuum mechanism 430 described with reference to FIG. 4 may beimplemented in place of the previously described vacuum mechanism 130described as part of the pallet conveyor example shown in FIG. 1.

Rotation of the rotatable tube 490 may advance, in the conveyancedirection of the pallet, the boundary of the vacuum applied to thepallet via the apertures 460 in the surface of the elongate vacuumchamber 435. In some cases, this rotation of the rotatable tube 490 maybe synchronised with a leading edge of the print substrate supported andconveyed by the pallet, such that the boundary of the vacuum applied atthe pallet is synchronised with the leading edge. For example, theboundary of the vacuum applied at the pallet may advance ahead of theleading edge of the print substrate such that minimal or no vacuum isapplied to the pallet, or a top surface of the pallet, where the printsubstrate is not supported. This may allow vacuum leakage to beminimised and improve the efficiency of the vacuum mechanism and palletconveyor. In other cases, the rotation of the rotatable tube 490 may besynchronised with a trailing edge of the print substrate supported andconveyed by the pallet, such that the boundary of the vacuum applied atthe pallet is synchronised with the trailing edge. Similarly, theboundary of the vacuum applied at the pallet may advance slightly behindthe trailing edge of the print substrate such that minimal or no vacuumis applied to the pallet, or a top surface of the pallet, where theprint substrate is not supported, for example.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration showing a vacuum mechanism 530 for apallet conveyor according to an example. In the example of FIG. 5, thevacuum mechanism 530 comprises a plurality of elongate vacuum chambers535 a, 535 b, 535 c arranged substantially parallel to one another. Inone case, the elongate vacuum chambers 535 a, 535 b, 535 c may be spacedorthogonally to a conveyance direction of pallets conveyed by the palletconveyor, and each elongate vacuum chamber 535 a, 535 b, 535 c may besubstantially parallel to the conveyance direction. The elongate vacuumchambers 535 a, 535 b, 535 c may each be connected to a first valve anda second valve for communicating vacuum to the respective elongatevacuum chamber 535 a, 535 b, 535 c. In one example, each elongate vacuumchamber 535 a, 535 b, 535 c may comprise a rotatable tube 590 a, 590 b,590 c arranged within the respective elongate vacuum chamber 535 a, 535b, 535 c. The rotatable tubes 590 a, 590 b, 590 c may each compriseopenings 595 a, 595 b, 595 c regularly spaced along a length of asurface the respective rotatable tube 590 a, 590 b, 590 c, for examplein accordance with the example rotatable tube 490 described withreference to FIG. 4.

In one case, the elongate vacuum chambers 535 a, 535 b, 535 c may berotatable synchronously, for example by a single driving mechanism, suchthat alignments between openings 595 a, 595 b, 595 c in the surface ofthe rotatable tubes 590 a, 590 b, 590 c and the apertures 560 a, 560 b,560 c in the surface of the respective elongate vacuum chamber 535 a,535 b, 535 c vary synchronously. In this case, a boundary 597 of vacuumapplied at a pallet may advance in the conveyance direction 540, and maybe synchronised with an edge of print substrate supported by the pallet.

The examples of FIGS. 1-5 show components of a printing system thatenable more efficient transfer of vacuum from a source to print mediawith minimal leakage. For example, utilising a moveable piston orrotatable tube within elongate vacuum chambers allows for a position ofa vacuum boundary in the vacuum chamber to be moved continuously alongthe vacuum chamber. Thus, said vacuum boundary may be synchronised withan edge of print media. In certain cases, synchronisation may becontrolled using an optical detector to detect the edge of the printsubstrate and provide feedback to a controller to control the moveablepiston or rotatable tube. During printing of a first or last sheet ofprint media, the vacuum communicating with pallets may therefore belimited by the vacuum boundary so that vacuum does not leak throughapertures in the vacuum mechanism that are not covered by the sheet ofprint media, for example.

FIG. 6 shows a method 600 of conveying pallets in a printing systemaccording to an example. The printing system may comprise one of theprinting system examples previously described. At block 610, a moveablesurface within an elongate vacuum chamber is positioned at a first endportion of the elongate vacuum chamber. The moveable surface andelongate vacuum chamber may be implementations, respectively, of one ofthe moveable surfaces (or pistons) or elongate vacuum chamberspreviously described with reference to the examples shown in FIGS. 1-5.At block 620, a first vacuum valve coupled to the first end portion ofthe elongate vacuum chamber is opened. At block 630, a conveyancemechanism between a track and the pallets is operated to convey thepallets to support a print substrate along the elongate vacuum chamber.The conveyance mechanism may correspond to an example conveyancemechanism previously described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, forinstance the driving mechanisms 121, 221 a and 221 b. At block 640, themoveable surface within the elongate vacuum chamber is synchronised witha leading edge of the print substrate. At block 650, a second vacuumvalve coupled to a second end portion of the elongate vacuum chamber isopened upon the leading edge of the print substrate passing a positionof the second vacuum valve.

In certain examples, the method 600 of conveying pallets in a printingsystem may further comprise: resetting the moveable surface at the firstend portion of the elongate vacuum chamber; closing the first vacuumvalve; synchronising the bar with a trailing edge of the printsubstrate; and closing the second vacuum valve upon the trailing edge ofthe print substrate passing a position of the second vacuum valve.

The preceding description has been presented to illustrate and describeexamples of the principles described. This description is not intendedto be exhaustive or to limit these principles to any precise formdisclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light ofthe above teaching. It is to be understood that any feature described inrelation to any one example may be used alone, or in combination withother features described, and may also be used in combination with anyfeatures of any other of the examples, or any combination of any otherof the examples.

1-9. (canceled)
 10. A printing system comprising: a printing mechanismdefining a print zone to apply printing fluid to a print substrate; aconveyor comprising: a track; a plurality of pallets operably coupled toand conveyable on the track through the print zone, to support the printsubstrate through the print zone as the pallets are conveyed on thetrack; and a vacuum mechanism to selectively apply a vacuum at thepallets, such that a boundary of the vacuum applied at the pallets issynchronised with an edge of the print substrate.
 11. The printingsystem according to claim 10, wherein the vacuum mechanism comprises aplurality of elongate vacuum chambers spaced orthogonally to aconveyance direction of the pallets, each parallel to the conveyancedirection, and connected to a first valve and a second valve forcommunicating vacuum to the elongate vacuum chamber.
 12. The printingsystem according to claim 11, wherein each elongate vacuum chambercomprises a piston defining: a first partition of the elongate vacuumchamber coupled to the first valve; and a second partition of theelongate vacuum chamber coupled to the second valve; wherein the pistonis moveable longitudinally within the elongate vacuum chamber to varythe boundary of the vacuum applied when either of the first valve andthe second valve is open and the other is closed.
 13. The printingsystem according to claim 11, comprising a plurality of pulleysdriveable by a rotatable shaft to synchronise each piston, wherein eachpulley comprises a belt extending a length of the elongate vacuumchamber that is moveable about the pulley, and wherein each piston isfixably coupled to a respective belt. 14-15. (canceled)
 16. The printingsystem according to claim 10, wherein the conveyor comprises a pluralityof sliders operably coupling the pallets to the track to convey thepallets on the track through the print zone.
 17. The printing system ofclaim 11, wherein the conveyor comprises a plurality of sliders operablycoupling the pallets to the track to convey the pallets on the trackthrough the print zone, each slider slidable along the vacuum mechanismand each slider having an inlet to communicate vacuum from an aperturein the elongate vacuum chambers to the pallets in the print zone. 18.The printing system according to claim 10, wherein the track comprisesan endless track, the pallets operably coupled to and conveyable aroundthe endless track.
 19. A printing system comprising: a printingmechanism defining a print zone to apply printing fluid to a printsubstrate; a track; a pallet to move on the track to support the printsubstrate as the pallet passes through the print zone; a slider tooperably couple the pallet and the track to convey the pallets on thetrack through the print zone; and a vacuum mechanism to selectivelyapply a vacuum at the pallet, such that a boundary of the vacuum appliedat the pallet is synchronised with an edge of the print substrate. 20.The printing system according to claim 19, wherein the vacuum mechanismcomprises an elongate vacuum chamber arranged parallel to a conveyancedirection of the pallet, and connected to a first valve and a secondvalve for supplying vacuum to the elongate vacuum chamber.
 21. Theprinting system according to claim 20, wherein the vacuum mechanismcomprises a moveable surface arranged within, and moveable along alength of, the elongate vacuum chamber, such that the moveable surfacedefines the boundary of the vacuum applied when one of the first valveand the second valve is open and the other is closed.
 22. The printingsystem according to claim 20, wherein the slider is slidable along thevacuum mechanism, and comprising an inlet to communicate the vacuum froman aperture in the elongate vacuum chamber to the pallet.
 23. Theprinting system according to claim 22, wherein the slider compriseshinged slidable elements, the slidable elements extending in aconveyance direction and having a hinged axis perpendicular to theconveyance direction.
 24. The printing system according to claim 20,wherein the elongate vacuum chamber is one of a plurality of elongatevacuum chambers arranged substantially parallel to one another, andwherein the pallet comprises internal sections, each internal section incommunication with each of the plurality of elongate vacuum chambers.25. The printing system according to claim 20, wherein the vacuummechanism comprises a rotatable tube arranged within the elongate vacuumchamber, the rotatable tube comprising openings regularly spaced along alength of a surface the rotatable tube.
 26. The printing systemaccording to claim 25, wherein: each of the openings iscircumferentially transposed with respect to a preceding opening; and asurface of the elongate vacuum chamber comprises regularly spacedapertures, such that rotation of the rotatable tube varies alignmentbetween the openings in the surface of the rotatable tube and theapertures in the surface of the elongate vacuum chamber to define theboundary of the vacuum.
 27. The printing system according to claim 19,wherein the track is an endless track and the pallet circulates on thetrack.
 28. The printing system according to claim 19, wherein the palletcomprises a train pallet.
 29. The printing system according to claim 19,wherein the pallet comprises a wagon pallet.